Topics (click on a topic to jump to that section)Bartlett-Garcia Conde Initial Survey Point | Brazito Battlefield | Butterfield Trail | El Camino Real (The King's Highway) | Espejo's Expedition-On the Camino Real | Fort Cummings 1863-1886 | Fort Selden State Mounument 1865-1891 | Franklin Mountains | Hatch | Jornada del Muerto | Jornada del Muerto On the Camino Real | La Mesilla | La Mesilla | Las Cruces-On the Camino Real | Mormon Battalion | Onate's Route On the Camino Real | Organ Mountains | San Augustin Pass | Site of San Agustin Springs |
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Bartlett-Garcia Conde Initial Survey PointOn April 24, 1851, John Russell Bartlett, for the United States, and Pedro Garcia Conde, for the Republic of Mexico, erected near here a monument designating 32 22 north latitude on the Rio Grande as the initial point for the official survey of the U.S.-Mexico boundary. After the Gadsden Purchase, the boundary was moved south. Brazito BattlefieldOne of the few battles of the Mexican War to be fought in New Mexico occurred near here on Christmas Day, 1846. U.S. troops under Colonel Alexander W. Doniphan defeated a Mexican army commanded by General Antonio Ponce de Leon. Two days later, Doniphan entered El Paso without opposition. Butterfield TrailStagecoaches of the Butterfield Overland Mail Co. began carrying passengers and mail from St. Louis to San Francisco, across southern New Mexico, in 1858. The 2,795 mile journey took 21-22 days. In 1861 the service was re-routed through Salt Lake City. Here the trail followed the Rio Grande northward to La Mesilla. El Camino Real (The King's Highway)The oldest historical road in the United States running over 2000 miles from Mexico City to Taos. Parts of the Camino Real were used by Spanish explorers in the 1580s, but it was formally established in 1598 by Juan de Onate, New Mexico's first colonizer and governor. It was later referred to as the Chihuahua Trail. Espejo's Expedition-On the Camino RealTrying to locate two Franciscan friars, Antonio de Espejo in 1582 led an expedition up the Rio Grande near here. The two friars had remained among the Tiwa Indians near Bernalillo after the Rodriguez-Sanchez Chamuscado expedition returned to Mexico in 1581. When he reached the Tiwas in 1583, Espejo learned that the missionaries were dead. Fort Cummings 1863-1886This small and isolated post was built on the Mesilla-Tucson road to protect the Butterfield Trail against Apaches. Notorious Cooke's Canyon, located nearby, was a particularly dangerous point on the trail. Only ruins now remain of the ten-foot adobe walls which once surrounded it. Fort Selden State Mounument 1865-1891Fort Selden was established to protect settlers and railroad construction crews in the Mesilla Valley and the Jornada del Muerto from Apaches. The first regular army troops to garrison it were four companies of the black 125 th Infantry. General Douglas MacArthur spent two years of his childhood here. The fort was finally abandoned in 1891. Franklin MountainsFranklin Mountains to east are tilted uplifted block of Paleozoic limestones. Spectacular Organ Mountains to north are mainly igneous rocks, mineralized in places. Paleozoic rocks encountered in oil test to northwest in the Rio Grande trench are 5 miles lower than in mountains, illustrating the Basin and Range geologic structure. HatchOriginally established as Santa Barbara in 1851, Apache raids drove the settlers away until 1853 when nearby Fort Thorn was established. Abandoned again in 1860 after the fort closed, it was re-occupied in 1875 and re-named for General Edward Hatch, then Commander of the New Mexico Military District. Jornada del MuertoHigh plains of Jornada del Muerto, elevation 4,340 feet, lie 400 feet above Rio Grande Valley, Transitional area from Basin and Range region to west into tilted mountain ranges, such as San Andres Mountains to east, flanked by broad alluvial and wind-blown basins, such as Jornada del Muerto. Jornada del Muerto On the Camino RealThis stretch of the Camino Real leaves the Rio Grande and cuts across 90 miles of desert with little water or shelter. Despite its difficulty, the dreaded "Journey of the Dead Man" was heavily used by Spanish, Mexican, and Anglo travelers between El Paso and the northern New Mexico settlements. La MesillaAfter the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which concluded the Mexican War in 1848, the Mexican government commissioned Cura Ramon Ortiz to settle Mesilla. He brought families from New Mexico and from Paso del Norte (modern Ciudad Juarez) to populate the Mesilla Civil Colony Grant, which by 1850 had over 800 inhabitants. La MesillaOn November 16, 1854, a detachment from nearby Fort Fillmore raised the U.S. flag here confirming the Gadsden Purchase; thus the Gadsden territory was officially recognized as part of the United States. In 1858, the Butterfield stage began its run through Mesilla. During the Civil War, Mesilla was the capital of the Confederate Arizona Territory. Las Cruces-On the Camino RealIn 1849, following the Mexican War, fields were first broken in Las Cruces. The town became a flourishing stop on the Camino Real, deriving its name, "The Crosses," from the marking of graves of victims of an Apache attack. Las Cruces since 1881 has been the county seat of Dona Ana County. Mormon BattalionThe Mormon Battalion, composed of 500 volunteers, left Council Bluffs, Iowa, June 5, 1846, as part of the expeditionary force of Brigadier General Kearny. The battalion followed the Santa Fe Trail to Santa Fe and down the Rio Grande near here, where it turned west. The 2000 mile march ended in San Diego, California, January 30, 1847. Onate's Route On the Camino RealJuan de Onate, first governor of New Mexico, passed near here with his colonizing expedition in May 1598. Traveling north, he designated official campsites (called parajes) on the Camino Real, used by expeditions that followed. In Onate's caravan were 129 men, many with their families and servants. Organ MountainsSpectacular Organ Mountains to east tower over water-rich Rio Grande Valley. High sharp peaks and massive cliffs of igneous rocks are part of ancient volcanos. Copper, silver, gold, lead and zinc were mined from Organ Mining District at north end of mountains. Basin and Range country is to west. San Augustin PassDivide between Tularosa Basin to east and Jornado del Muerto to west, cut between Organ Mountains to south and San Augustin-San Andres Mountains to north. White gypsum sands glisten to northeast. Roadcuts in Tertiary monzonite. Organ mines yielded copper, lead, silver, gold, zinc and fluorite. Site of San Agustin SpringsHere on July 27, 1861 less that 300 Confederate troops intercepted 500 Union soldiers retreating from Fort Fillmore to Fort Stanton. Exhausted from the heat and famished for water, the Union troops straggled across the desert in a five-mile evacuation train. Unable to fight, Major Isaac Lynde surrendered his command without firing a single shot.
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